Myokines are a group of signaling molecules that are produced by muscle tissue in response to physical activity. They play an important role in intercellular communication and have a variety of biological effects, influencing metabolism, inflammation, immune response and even brain function. Due to the unique properties of myokines, regular physical activity is considered one of the key components in the prevention and therapy of various chronic diseases. In this essay, we will review the main aspects related to the functions and mechanisms of action of myokines, as well as their relevance to health.

What are Myokines?

Myokines are cytokines and other signaling molecules synthesized and released by skeletal muscles. The name “myokines” combines the words “muscle” (myo) and “cytokine” to reflect their origin and role in the immune system. They are actively produced during physical activity, especially during high-intensity exercise such as strength and aerobic training. Myokines act both locally, affecting muscles, and systemically, affecting organs and tissues including the heart, liver, brain and adipose tissue.

The main types of Myokines and their functions

Research identifies several key myokines, each with unique functions in the body:

— Irisin: This important myokine promotes the conversion of white fat cells to brown fat cells, increasing heat generation and promoting weight loss. It also improves insulin sensitivity, which favors glucose metabolism.

— Interleukin-6 (IL-6): One of the first myokines discovered to be activated in response to physical activity. IL-6 affects lipid metabolism, increases lipolysis, and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, prolonged elevation of IL-6 levels can cause chronic inflammatory processes, so its balance is extremely important.

— Interleukin-15 (IL-15): Stimulates muscle growth and suppresses fat accumulation. IL-15 also regulates immune system function and has a favorable effect on bone tissue.

— Myostatin: It is a muscle growth inhibitor that inhibits the enlargement of muscle fibers. Lowering myostatin levels is associated with increased muscle mass, which may be useful in the therapy of age-related sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass).

Biological effects of myokines

Myokines have multifaceted effects on the body, and their role goes well beyond improving muscle function. The main biological effects of myokines include:

— Anti-inflammatory effects: Myokines may reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

— Metabolic Regulation: They increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. Some myokines also stimulate lipolysis and thermogenesis, helping to maintain a healthy weight.

— Positive effects on mental health: Physical activity and myokine production improve cognitive function and mental health, reducing the risk of depression and dementia.

— Stimulation of regenerative processes: Certain myokines activate stem cells and accelerate tissue healing, which is particularly important for recovery from injury.

Health relevance and research perspectives

The study of myokines opens new horizons in understanding the effects of physical activity on health and their applications in Biohacking. Due to their unique properties, myokines may provide a basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to target metabolic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, regulating myokine production could be a promising method for treating diabetes, obesity and sarcopenia, as well as maintaining health during the aging process.

Conclusion

Myokines play an important role in the body’s biological response to physical activity and have significant therapeutic potential. Their effects extend beyond muscle tissue, affecting the immune, metabolic and nervous systems. Modern research into the mechanisms of action of myokines may lead to the development of new therapies based on the body’s natural processes.